tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10828665147899857772024-03-12T17:22:44.437-07:00FAMOUS SCIENTIST
What constitutes a scientist? A scientist is an individual deeply immersed in the field of science, possessing expertise across various educational domains and refined skills within specific branches of knowledge. A scientist is characterized by advanced proficiency in a particular scientific discipline and employs scientific methodologies in their pursuits.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger198125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-65840041149817341802024-03-08T06:19:00.000-08:002024-03-08T06:22:51.086-08:00Contributions by Sir Edward Victor AppletonSir Edward Victor Appleton <span face="Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"" style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(6 September 1892 – 21 April 1965) </span>, an eminent English physicist and Nobel laureate, stands as a towering figure in the realm of physics, renowned for his groundbreaking contributions to radiophysics and pivotal discoveries concerning the ionosphere. <div><br /></div><div>His appointment as Professor of Physics at London University marked the pinnacle of his illustrious career, during which he embarked on a series of seminal experiments aimed at unraveling the enigmatic nature of the ionosphere. With remarkable scientific acumen, Appleton definitively established the existence of this crucial atmospheric layer in 1924, catalyzing a paradigm shift in our understanding of Earth's atmospheric dynamics and laying the groundwork for further exploration in radiophysics.<br /><br />The significance of Appleton's findings cannot be overstated. By elucidating the properties and behaviors of the ionosphere, he propelled the development of radar technology, providing invaluable insights into radio wave propagation and facilitating practical applications in communication and defense systems.<br /><br />In recognition of his groundbreaking achievements, Sir Edward Victor Appleton was bestowed with the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1947, a testament to the profound impact of his work on the scientific community and society at large. Beyond academia, Appleton's discoveries continue to resonate through diverse technological advancements, reaffirming his status as a luminary in the annals of physics.<br /><br />In conclusion, Sir Edward Victor Appleton's enduring legacy as a pioneer in radiophysics and his seminal contributions to our understanding of the ionosphere have indelibly shaped the fabric of scientific inquiry. His unwavering dedication to unraveling the mysteries of the universe serves as an enduring source of inspiration for future generations of scientists, underscoring the transformative power of curiosity and perseverance in the pursuit of knowledge.<br /><i>Contributions by Sir Edward Victor Appleton</i></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-36522676206089636652024-02-25T19:57:00.000-08:002024-02-25T19:57:13.550-08:00Edward Condon: American nuclear physicistEdward Uhler Condon, born on March 2, 1902, in Alamogordo, New Mexico, was a prominent American nuclear physicist whose contributions have left an indelible mark on the fields of quantum mechanics and atomic physics. Throughout his illustrious career, Condon played a pivotal role in various scientific endeavors, from his early journalistic pursuits to his groundbreaking research during World War II and beyond.<br /><br />After completing his high school education in Oakland, California, Condon embarked on a career in journalism, honing his skills as a writer and communicator. However, his passion for science eventually led him to pursue higher education at the University of California, Berkeley. Despite facing financial constraints, Condon demonstrated exceptional academic prowess, earning both his bachelor's and doctoral degrees in record time.<br /><br />Condon's doctoral thesis, a collaboration with Raymond Thayer Birge and James Franck, laid the groundwork for his future achievements in quantum mechanics. Following his academic pursuits, Condon joined the faculty at Princeton University, where he co-authored seminal texts such as "Quantum Mechanics" and "Theory of Atomic Spectra," which became essential references in the field.<br /><br />During the tumultuous years of World War II, Condon transitioned into government service, contributing his expertise to critical projects like radar development and the Manhattan Project. His collaboration with renowned scientists like J. Robert Oppenheimer was instrumental in advancing nuclear research and the eventual creation of the atomic bomb. Condon's multifaceted contributions during this period underscored his dedication to scientific progress and national defense.<br /><br />Post-war, Condon continued to serve his country as a consultant, offering valuable insights to policymakers on the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission. However, his quest for innovation extended beyond governmental roles. In 1951, Condon assumed the position of head of research and development at Corning Glass Works, where he applied his scientific acumen to industrial applications.<br /><br />Throughout his career, Condon's achievements were not only distinguished by his scientific prowess but also by his commitment to ethical conduct and social responsibility. Despite the controversial nature of his involvement in nuclear weapons development, Condon remained steadfast in his advocacy for peaceful uses of atomic energy and the prevention of nuclear proliferation.<br /><br />Edward Condon's legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists, embodying the spirit of intellectual curiosity, innovation, and moral integrity. His contributions to quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, and scientific leadership serve as a testament to the profound impact of dedicated individuals in shaping the course of history and advancing human knowledge for the betterment of society.<br /><i>Edward Condon: American nuclear physicist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim0ouEAygc3oHZ53nG1fBT8s2C0Z2NuiENciWirL3dlWutyzPrtY_YCXoMCoOMVQcfHUJXsIJBYf9gs-luFxMArh3FaiqMk20sYQ9FCK9p0XXmxHI8iupws_NjeKw7t_X25s2jGg2CQCkZNvRKTtWKMp4uWG9ziUvpd9TOH-wEpWteheW9M741LliJQfU/s826/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="826" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim0ouEAygc3oHZ53nG1fBT8s2C0Z2NuiENciWirL3dlWutyzPrtY_YCXoMCoOMVQcfHUJXsIJBYf9gs-luFxMArh3FaiqMk20sYQ9FCK9p0XXmxHI8iupws_NjeKw7t_X25s2jGg2CQCkZNvRKTtWKMp4uWG9ziUvpd9TOH-wEpWteheW9M741LliJQfU/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-35878252669463439062024-02-12T19:22:00.000-08:002024-02-12T19:22:41.192-08:00Johann Radon's Mathematical ContributionsJohann Karl August Radon, born on December 16, 1887, and passing away on May 25, 1956, is widely revered as a luminary in the domain of mathematics, his profound contributions resonating across various branches of the discipline. Hailing from Tetschen, Johann's formative years were shaped by a nurturing blend of familial affection and scholarly zeal, nurtured by his father Anton, a prominent figure in the local banking sphere, who imparted upon him values of discipline and determination, pivotal in shaping his academic trajectory.<br /><br />Despite modest beginnings, Johann's intellectual acumen shone brightly from an early age. Surpassing expectations, he completed the demanding five-year elementary curriculum in an impressive four years, showcasing a natural inclination towards academic excellence. This early brilliance persisted through his higher education journey, culminating in the attainment of a doctoral degree from the esteemed University of Vienna in 1910, his thesis delving into the intricacies of calculus of variations, hinting at the profound contributions he would later make to mathematical theory.<br /><br />Post-doctorate, Radon's career trajectory soared to new heights. His appointment as an extraordinary professor at the University of Hamburg in 1919 underscored his burgeoning reputation within academic circles. Despite finding contentment in Hamburg initially, Radon's insatiable intellectual curiosity and thirst for fresh challenges led him to embrace a full professorship in Greifswald by 1922, exemplifying his unwavering pursuit of mathematical enlightenment through exploration of novel avenues.<br /><br />Radon's seminal work in applying calculus of variations to differential geometry marked a watershed moment in mathematical inquiry. His groundbreaking discoveries, notably the Radon curves, served as a bridge between theoretical frameworks and practical applications, laying the groundwork for transformative mathematical constructs such as the Radon-transformation, Radon-numbers, and theorems that would etch his name into mathematical lore.<br /><br />A cornerstone of Radon's enduring legacy lies in his revolutionary elucidation of the Radon transform. By demonstrating the extraordinary proposition that a three-dimensional object's image could be reconstructed from an infinite array of two-dimensional projections, Radon catalyzed a seismic shift in the field of imaging, with far-reaching implications across domains such as medical imaging and computerized tomography.<br /><br />In essence, Johann Radon's indelible mark on the canvas of mathematics stands as a testament to his unwavering commitment to intellectual rigor and innovation. His life's work continues to serve as a beacon of inspiration, resonating with mathematicians and scholars alike, underscoring the transformative power of human intellect in unraveling the mysteries of the universe.<br /><i>Johann Radon's Mathematical Contributions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-GaDhzheoR_HQlqUM_dMiqmhe3hhmxh0_Vwj3uoFeZC8L9pXQzfej_nOYbbewoOdcdCqZo_0A0F2aLLkTFgUmhyphenhyphenWRmXR8HlR0il0sAMXhh24kXp8_JG7L4fBDn6Zn_ZqHaqoeGIgWiuaUxfp9tt_r0q3KFijZbVkfKcBVCDl0ZHVnMliDdeopOpn2KGE/s477/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="477" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-GaDhzheoR_HQlqUM_dMiqmhe3hhmxh0_Vwj3uoFeZC8L9pXQzfej_nOYbbewoOdcdCqZo_0A0F2aLLkTFgUmhyphenhyphenWRmXR8HlR0il0sAMXhh24kXp8_JG7L4fBDn6Zn_ZqHaqoeGIgWiuaUxfp9tt_r0q3KFijZbVkfKcBVCDl0ZHVnMliDdeopOpn2KGE/w416-h298/1.jpg" width="416" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-61192898557603565002024-01-30T20:38:00.000-08:002024-01-30T20:38:54.208-08:00Patricia Era Bath: Laserphaco InventorPatricia Era Bath, a trailblazing figure in the field of medicine, left an indelible mark with her groundbreaking contributions, particularly the invention of the Laserphaco Probe. Born in Harlem in 1942, Bath faced numerous challenges as an African American woman aspiring to become a physician during a time when gender and racial biases were pervasive in the medical field.<br /><br />Bath's journey began with a deep-rooted interest in medicine, stemming from her early years. She excelled academically, earning a medical degree from Howard University in 1968. Despite facing obstacles due to her gender and race, Bath specialized in ophthalmology, where she initiated significant advancements.<br /><br />Her notable achievements include introducing a groundbreaking technique in cataract surgery, revolutionizing the approach to the procedure. However, Bath's most impactful contribution came in the form of the Laserphaco Probe, a device she developed to address the challenges associated with cataract surgery. This innovative tool utilized laser technology to efficiently and precisely remove cataracts, resulting in improved patient outcomes and transforming eye care on a global scale.<br /><br />Despite encountering obstacles during the development of the Laserphaco Probe, Bath's resilience and determination prevailed. She not only overcame gender and racial barriers but also became a symbol of inspiration for future generations of medical professionals.<br /><br />Beyond her inventions, Bath dedicated her career to advocating for health equality and access to medical care. Her influence extended to various medical innovations, leaving an enduring impact on the field.<br /><br />In conclusion, Patricia Era Bath's contributions to medicine, particularly her invention of the Laserphaco Probe, have left an indelible mark on the history of ophthalmology. Her legacy is not only defined by the tangible advancements in medical technology but also by her unwavering commitment to breaking barriers and inspiring generations of medical professionals. The Laserphaco Probe stands as a testament to Bath's ingenuity, revolutionizing cataract surgery and enhancing the quality of life for countless individuals worldwide.<br /><i>Patricia Era Bath: Laserphaco Inventor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx6UA2a_smGkQMwhKzLxDrgez9bWrSdTEC3Smshqn1itVOVQzmiv2Fj3O59qqfLAC835kFocT3a5trGLBX9jVhyphenhyphen5pzbmTSa6wSOx7FUScB-Kc6zpEc5myE0IYhGe9CQxUm3BTLhBazh0vs1F8lSjInEv4j2WzZcaCw3URhWspgD5fimGzzbfy6emPaZuk/s278/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="278" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx6UA2a_smGkQMwhKzLxDrgez9bWrSdTEC3Smshqn1itVOVQzmiv2Fj3O59qqfLAC835kFocT3a5trGLBX9jVhyphenhyphen5pzbmTSa6wSOx7FUScB-Kc6zpEc5myE0IYhGe9CQxUm3BTLhBazh0vs1F8lSjInEv4j2WzZcaCw3URhWspgD5fimGzzbfy6emPaZuk/w359-h324/1.jpg" width="359" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-21260939420069299502024-01-05T08:11:00.000-08:002024-01-05T08:11:11.414-08:00Hippocrates: Father of MedicineHippocrates is widely acknowledged as the 'father of medicine' owing to his enduring contributions to the field, particularly as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. Born in 460 BC on the Greek island of Cos to Heraclides, a physician, and Praxitela, daughter of Phenaretis, Hippocrates acquired his medical knowledge from his father and grandfather. He expanded his comprehension by delving into various subjects with Democritus the Abderite, a renowned Greek materialist philosopher, and Gorgias of Leontini, a prominent philosopher and rhetorician of his time.<br /><br />Hippocrates also underwent training at the asklepieion (healing temple) of Kos and received guidance from the Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria. Herodicus, recognized as a pioneer in using therapeutic exercise for treating diseases and maintaining health, was described as a master of gymnastics.<br /><br />Transforming into a celebrated physician and medical educator, Hippocrates gained widespread recognition as the foremost medical figure of his era. He formulated his medical practices based on meticulous observations and the study of the human body, asserting that illnesses had both a physical and rational explanation. Emphasizing a holistic approach, Hippocrates believed in treating the body as a unified entity rather than a mere collection of separate parts. Significantly, he established the autonomy of physicians, distinguishing them from cosmological speculators or nature philosophers and effectively confining the medical profession to the realm of medicine.<br /><br />Hippocrates went on to establish an Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians, laying the foundation for ethical medical practice. He passed away in 377 BC at the age of 90, although there is some uncertainty about his exact age, with certain sources suggesting 83 or 106. His final resting place is believed to be between Gyrton and Larissa.<br /><i>Hippocrates: Father of Medicine<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixUcuqZyQBqaKUPHKhCtPfiUS0w5Pna2kULY-yUrRjgKMjkRmGYb24hjZ_zplSLmewhY2vPaNpmNldVUsaEFjSheIFefGDMYnOf7CpYqPioU9CetNVR6xBK8_4gv9OxqoVFSXvClUvw4LzXUCCCHt3Us8PzX1f-cunp3eK4Mp6qazFpT8zUCWpEq8cDEE/s213/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="170" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixUcuqZyQBqaKUPHKhCtPfiUS0w5Pna2kULY-yUrRjgKMjkRmGYb24hjZ_zplSLmewhY2vPaNpmNldVUsaEFjSheIFefGDMYnOf7CpYqPioU9CetNVR6xBK8_4gv9OxqoVFSXvClUvw4LzXUCCCHt3Us8PzX1f-cunp3eK4Mp6qazFpT8zUCWpEq8cDEE/s1600/1.jpg" width="170" /></a></div><br /></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-48845628953553812692023-08-26T07:34:00.005-07:002023-08-26T07:34:25.139-07:00Joseph William Kennedy: American ChemistBorn on May 30, 1916, in Nacogdoches, Texas, Joseph William Kennedy achieved his Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree at Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College in 1935. He then pursued advanced studies at the University of Kansas, culminating in a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1937. His academic journey led him to the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned his PhD in chemistry in 1939.<br /><br />In the year 1940, Kennedy collaborated with Glenn Seaborg, Edwin McMillan, and Arthur Wahl to make a momentous breakthrough, identifying the element plutonium. Through Kennedy's innovative approach to designing and constructing crucial apparatus, they successfully verified the presence of plutonium. Additionally, this group revealed that plutonium possessed fissile properties, a pivotal revelation with substantial implications for the Manhattan Project's investigations.<br /><br />After the conclusion of World War II, Kennedy embarked on an academic career at Washington University in St. Louis. His pivotal role involved transforming the university's primary emphasis from undergraduate instruction to a prestigious establishment renowned for its robust research and graduate programs. Eventually, he assumed leadership as the head of the Chemistry Department.<br /><br />Tragically, Joseph William Kennedy's life was prematurely curtailed by cancer on May 5, 1957, when he was just 40 years old.<br /><i>Joseph William Kennedy: American Chemist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGA6NoS_OKIxanpW93-iO97pAWvQ7EYfC_wAi8t9KRU_8fOp1CPeKQP6pYBAhap-nGxsAf2Om_INOdOtnj-L2JDAD5jSgqjA53jcFxtjjRkfpmr9iUWRck0uhQ3nLYiQSQnngLj78dI9-BGN8AhAHIEkz3RSVToRLDKrIVSp9QifgcyU3g1gdWG9BrfhQ/s200/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGA6NoS_OKIxanpW93-iO97pAWvQ7EYfC_wAi8t9KRU_8fOp1CPeKQP6pYBAhap-nGxsAf2Om_INOdOtnj-L2JDAD5jSgqjA53jcFxtjjRkfpmr9iUWRck0uhQ3nLYiQSQnngLj78dI9-BGN8AhAHIEkz3RSVToRLDKrIVSp9QifgcyU3g1gdWG9BrfhQ/w287-h287/1.jpg" width="287" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-61843802040032161392023-08-02T04:34:00.005-07:002023-08-02T04:34:28.233-07:00William Christopher Zeise: Danish organic chemistWilliam Christopher Zeise was born on October 15, 1789, in Slagelse, Denmark, as the child of Friedrich Zeise, a pharmacist, and Johanna Helena Hammond. His interest in the natural sciences developed during his time in secondary school, although he left in 1805 without completing his studies.<br /><br />Subsequent to his departure from school, Zeise engaged in an apprenticeship under Gottfried Becker, the Royal Court pharmacist in Copenhagen, who was also involved in teaching chemistry at the university. A decline in his health necessitated Zeise's temporary return to his home country.<br /><br />Upon returning to Copenhagen in 1806, Zeise took residence with Oersted and his family. Oersted, who had recently assumed the role of an extraordinary professor of physics and chemistry at Copenhagen, assigned Zeise the role of his lecture assistant.<br /><br />In 1809, Zeise commenced his studies in medicine, physics, and chemistry. His efforts culminated in the award of a pharmacy degree in 1815. The subsequent year marked his achievement of a master's degree. In 1817, he presented his doctoral thesis titled ‘The Impact of Alkalies on Organic Substances.’<br /><br />Following the completion of his doctorate, William Christopher Zeise chose to relocate abroad due to the absence of a chemistry lectureship and a specialized scientific laboratory for the subject at the University of Copenhagen.<br /><br />In 1823, his investigation into organic sulfur compounds led to the recognition of a novel classification of organic compounds known as xanthates. These were subsequently isolated as yellow potassium salts. Additionally, he made significant discoveries concerning thioalcohols, also recognized as mercaptans, and sulfides, alternatively termed thioethers.<br /><br />On November 12, 1847, Zeise passed away in Copenhagen, Denmark, at the age of fifty-eight.<br /><i>William Christopher Zeise: Danish organic chemist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4u5IN4VfNxlW_dKqI_Y2p6EIX-Rrm_6QoJlVUySlSMrPL6czczA0tfex89qEMk0VVoxhBjjRuhuIubVhnq2mgphHSmLZmjP2fcslk3roSc4a-PwZj4SFIwTcy0LDl1K4oV-WnW4TyCUc3ula5RmldiE3A4vlTbk-AWpliffF0XUIDG4b8jUe2bAGsQ8E/s281/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="276" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4u5IN4VfNxlW_dKqI_Y2p6EIX-Rrm_6QoJlVUySlSMrPL6czczA0tfex89qEMk0VVoxhBjjRuhuIubVhnq2mgphHSmLZmjP2fcslk3roSc4a-PwZj4SFIwTcy0LDl1K4oV-WnW4TyCUc3ula5RmldiE3A4vlTbk-AWpliffF0XUIDG4b8jUe2bAGsQ8E/s1600/1.jpg" width="276" /></a></div></i><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">
</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-86132202833489526672023-07-08T22:52:00.004-07:002023-07-08T22:52:17.088-07:00Edwin Mattison McMillan - American nuclear physicistEdwin McMillan was born on September 18, 1907, in Redondo Beach, California. His parents, Dr. Edwin Harbaugh McMillan and Anne Marie McMillan (née Mattison), hailed from Maryland and had ancestral roots in England and Scotland.<br /><br />McMillan pursued his higher education at the California Institute of Technology, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1928. He then continued his academic journey at Princeton University, successfully completing his Ph.D. in 1932.<br /><br />During his doctoral studies, McMillan focused on molecular beams and conducted research as a National Research Fellow, aiming to measure the magnetic moment of the proton using a molecular beam method.<br /><br />In 1934, McMillan joined the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, working under the guidance of Ernest Lawrence. There, he engaged in research related to nuclear reactions and their outcomes, contributing to the design and construction of cyclotrons and other scientific equipment. He began his teaching career at Berkeley as an Instructor in the Department of Physics in 1935, steadily advancing to Assistant Professor in 1936, Associate Professor in 1941, and ultimately becoming a Professor in 1946.<br /><br />Throughout World War II, McMillan conducted research on radar and sonar and played a significant role in the development of the first atomic bomb. From 1954 to 1958, he served as a member of the General Advisory Committee to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.<br /><br />In 1940, McMillan employed a particle accelerator to irradiate uranium with neutrons, successfully generating an element with an atomic number of 93. This groundbreaking achievement marked the first artificial creation of a transuranium element. McMillan named the newly discovered element "neptunium." In 1941, together with Glenn Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, and Arthur Wahl, he successfully isolated another new element with an atomic number of 94. Adhering to McMillan's practice of naming element 93 after a planet, Seaborg christened element 94 "plutonium."<br /><br />In 1942, McMillan contributed to the selection process for Los Alamos and relocated there to conduct research on implosion techniques.<br /><br />In recognition of their remarkable contributions to the field of transuranium elements, Edwin M. McMillan and Glenn T. Seaborg were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1951.<br /><br />While collaborating with his colleagues, McMillan and his team also produced a second new element. However, as McMillan shifted his focus to radar development during World War II, others were responsible for confirming the discovery of this element. Seaborg led the group that accomplished this task and named the new element "plutonium," following the tradition of naming elements after planets.<br /><br />After the passing of Ernest O. Lawrence in 1958, McMillan assumed the role of director of the laboratory, which he held until his retirement in 1973. In recognition of his significant contributions, McMillan was awarded the National Medal of Science in the year preceding his death in 1991.<br /><br />Edwin M. McMillan passed away on September 7, 1991.<br /><i>Edwin Mattison McMillan - American nuclear physicist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Qs22GnvZXpz1jL6kaAfly6vhT3_1X6_8K1NlrlffWuToUwhW5POSUSbXkPsYDAzUUqJ6VMfPG08Y8-n0Df7NKMH5-N6LnEfKZFnXGPt8dKVUXOdb3BngNdCbKBUKqVo0G8fzeyaMnYiTZPxunTJxWRurdQBOK0HhYqwlsOKlF_mrfjjsv0oH2in8Wkc/s744/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="496" height="439" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Qs22GnvZXpz1jL6kaAfly6vhT3_1X6_8K1NlrlffWuToUwhW5POSUSbXkPsYDAzUUqJ6VMfPG08Y8-n0Df7NKMH5-N6LnEfKZFnXGPt8dKVUXOdb3BngNdCbKBUKqVo0G8fzeyaMnYiTZPxunTJxWRurdQBOK0HhYqwlsOKlF_mrfjjsv0oH2in8Wkc/w292-h439/1.jpg" width="292" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-72724875111662412632023-06-17T08:34:00.007-07:002023-06-17T08:37:08.616-07:00Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899 – 1986) - German-American biochemistLipmann, whose father was a lawyer, was born on June 12, 1899, in Königsberg, Germany. Königsberg later became part of the USSR and was renamed Kaliningrad. Lipmann's uncle was a pediatrician and had a great influence on Lipmann's decision to become a physician. <br /><br />After World War I (1914–1918), he enrolled at the University of Munich (Germany) and later at the University of Berlin (Germany), from which he received an MD degree in 1924. <br /><br />He enrolled in a remarkable three-month course in biochemistry that was taught by Peter Rona, who had worked with Leonor Michaelis. Rona taught three Nobel prizewinners: E.B. (later Sir Ernst) Chain, Hans (later Sir Hans) Krebs and Lipmann. <br /><br />After completing his Ph.D. in 1929, Lipmann joined Albert Fischer’s laboratory where he worked on using metabolism as a method to measure cell growth. <br /><br />In 1941 Lipmann moved to Boston to join the research staff of the Massachusetts General Hospital. In the same year, Lipmann proposed the theory of a metabolic dynamo, with adenosine triphosphate as the general link between energy generation and utilization. There, he set out to study acetyl transfer in animals and to confirm that acetyl phosphate represented active acetate. <br /><br />In 1945, working with a potent enzyme from pigeon liver extract as an assay system for acetyl transfer in animal tissue, Lipmann and colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital discovered Coenzyme A (CoA), the "A" standing for the activation of acetate. In 1947, he isolated and named the coenzyme, and in 1953, he determined its molecular structure. <br /><br />Fritz Albert Lipmann received the 1953 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology “for his discovery of coenzyme A [an important catalytic substance in the cellular conversion of food into energy] and its importance for intermediary metabolism.”<br /><b><span style="color: #351c75;">Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899 – 1986) - German-American biochemist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6C-VXKVErPJGsNBatJ3Yr_UuCyKy9DgBBvIkH9nf3Me3o3YSxgaH4GbzpGkuFNLs431WYP5rzRlIGnfrp9jgWKwxjk69n8cU6DAlA9743c3a7yvhF7K6k42N9XzkDEYJ3o6To_8jg6GubPPJwblekSEGU7MdfmGZjRG0U1VfZw_X61nBvhWR7gxjd/s825/2023-06-17.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="825" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6C-VXKVErPJGsNBatJ3Yr_UuCyKy9DgBBvIkH9nf3Me3o3YSxgaH4GbzpGkuFNLs431WYP5rzRlIGnfrp9jgWKwxjk69n8cU6DAlA9743c3a7yvhF7K6k42N9XzkDEYJ3o6To_8jg6GubPPJwblekSEGU7MdfmGZjRG0U1VfZw_X61nBvhWR7gxjd/s320/2023-06-17.png" width="320" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-5941181646730410502023-05-20T03:21:00.005-07:002023-05-20T03:21:52.093-07:00Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) - Swedish German chemistCarl Wilhelm Scheele was born in Stralsund in Pomerania which was German-speaking even though it was a part of Sweden. His parentage was German, and throughout his life he used this language to write down his laboratory notes. <br /><br />Wilhelm left school aged fourteen and he moved to Goteborg to replace his brother Johann Martin, who had been· a pharmacist apprentice and who had died at the age of twenty. There he developed an interest in chemistry and apparently carried out experiments late in the night using the chemicals available in the pharmacy. He also read widely including the work of Georg Ernst Stahl (1659 –1734), who was one of the main proponents of the phlogiston theory. <br /><br />The apothecary was sold in 1765. He then went to work with an apothecary called Kjellström who also had scientific interests at the Spread-Eagle Apothecary in Malmö. There Scheele also made contact with Anders Retzius, who was a prominent chemist at Lund University. <br /><br />A little later Scheele went to Stockholm to work in another Pharmacy. In 1770 he moved to Uppsala, where he worked in the pharmacy for Christian Ludwig Lokk, who provided him with a workbench and allowed him one day a week for research. <br /><br />From the start he studied the materials that were available at apothecaries. This would form the foundation for his future work in organic chemistry and mineralogy. Over the years he developed a significant ability to experiment with organic substances without spoiling the inherent materials. <br /><br />Living only for 44 years, this Swedish pharmacist discovered more elements (seven) than any other scientist -all before the era of modem chemistry of Lavoisier's Traite. <br /><br />Scheele’s work in chemical mineral analysis led to a number of discoveries, including several metal acids and metals such as molybdenum, manganese and tungsten. <br /><br />Scheele also discovered a score of fundamental organic compounds and gases including tartaric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid, uric acid, casein, glycerol, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen cyanide. Scheele also has an important place in the history of the discovery of respiratory gases because he was undoubtedly the first person to prepare oxygen and describe some of its properties. <br /><br />Scheele produced oxygen by heating a variety of substances including mercuric oxide, as did Priestley. Scheele also obtained the gas by heating potassium nitrate, silver carbonate, manganese nitrate, and manganese oxide.<br /><b><span style="color: #351c75;">Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) - Swedish German chemist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguULiK5lRyhX8xprfWXTWT219ZS0a5A0rh855PRluqYfmgknKBLpiyNR9X-a1cJoDP_JC0Mwb8-RS3Y2elnQLJbDAAmFKV6DE8yUNmfmaecrbWieGxoUGqLRVix0RcQ3e9DVjvIHUJDfRrn3lHcAK8Tgzvxv25583c-zMVAonZXOEafoY46KsHYcKR/s721/2023-05-20%20(1).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="721" data-original-width="660" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguULiK5lRyhX8xprfWXTWT219ZS0a5A0rh855PRluqYfmgknKBLpiyNR9X-a1cJoDP_JC0Mwb8-RS3Y2elnQLJbDAAmFKV6DE8yUNmfmaecrbWieGxoUGqLRVix0RcQ3e9DVjvIHUJDfRrn3lHcAK8Tgzvxv25583c-zMVAonZXOEafoY46KsHYcKR/w410-h448/2023-05-20%20(1).png" width="410" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-3222913477642461882023-04-26T22:43:00.000-07:002023-04-26T22:43:00.191-07:00Arthur Charles Wahl– Henry V. Farr Professor of RadiochemistryArthur Charles Wahl (1917-2006) was an American chemist. Wahl was born Sept. 8, 1917 in Des Moines, Iowa. In 1939 he received his Bachelor's Degree in chemistry from Iowa State University. <br /><br />He went to Berkeley for graduate work where he chose to work with Joseph W. Kennedy and Glenn T. Seaborg. In 1941, Arthur Wahl, Glenn Seaborg, Joseph Kennedy, and Emilio Segrè, building on the earlier work, isolated the daughter of neptunium-239, an element, also of mass 239, that had been predicted theoretically by Louis Turner. <br /><br />Wahl received his PhD degree in 1942 for the plutonium identification. The papers, related to this work were withheld from publication until after the conclusion of the war. <br /><br />After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1942, Wahl was recruited by J. Robert Oppenheimer and Glenn Seaborg to come to Los Alamos in 1943. He was a worker on the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos until 1946, when he joined Washington University in St. Louis. <br /><br />Beginning in 1952, he was the Henry V. Farr Professor of Radiochemistry; he received the American Chemical Society Award in Nuclear Chemistry in 1966 and retired in 1983. Arthur died in Santa Fe, New Mexico on Mar 6th 2006<br /><b><span style="color: #351c75;">Arthur Charles Wahl– Henry V. Farr Professor of Radiochemistry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbT3f3c6wfqSZdJBzgMHQjFdsQcJSfNwTN3LJz5kXFH5xYMiYFSxbNxW8j_6hE2S2JxK87xEUEnCr7J11yj4X0_SF7LN1mrJowJO7HBuZOMeS2exz0frs5i9UY7z1eYLL52m8y29dkI0TE0rU-6JSu7NorkSTmetEQr2bTKNcOmyQ7OJGwrsRLPd-h/s563/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="563" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbT3f3c6wfqSZdJBzgMHQjFdsQcJSfNwTN3LJz5kXFH5xYMiYFSxbNxW8j_6hE2S2JxK87xEUEnCr7J11yj4X0_SF7LN1mrJowJO7HBuZOMeS2exz0frs5i9UY7z1eYLL52m8y29dkI0TE0rU-6JSu7NorkSTmetEQr2bTKNcOmyQ7OJGwrsRLPd-h/w459-h349/2.jpg" width="459" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-5285355942233161822023-03-28T23:00:00.000-07:002023-03-28T23:00:00.599-07:00British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield (1919 – 2004)CT (Computed tomography) scanners, are commonly found in hospitals around the world. However, the technology’s origins can be traced back to pioneering work at NASA. <br /><br />Godfrey Hounsfield was born on 28 August 1919 in Newark, England. The young Hounsfield was sent to Magnus Grammar School in Newark. <br /><br />Hounsfield did not shine at school, although he showed some aptitude in physics and mathematics. He was rather lacking in self-confidence and tended to be somewhat introverted. Since his childhood, he displayed an uncanny interest in fiddling with electrical gadgets and machineries. <br /><br />At the outbreak of World War II, Hounsfield joined the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a volunteer reservist. This gave him the opportunity to study the books that the RAF provided for radio mechanics. <br /><br />By 1967, Godfrey Hounsfield had been working for music and electronics company Electrical and Musical Industries (EMI) for 16 years on projects ranging from radar, guided weapons, and the UK’s first all-transistor computer. <br /><br />In 1963, Johannesburg-born physicist Allan MacLeod Cormack, who later became an American citizen, had been working on the concept of scanning slices of the body from various angles and rotations. <br /><br />In 1971, Hounsfield built the first working scanner. While an X-ray machine uses a single ray to create a two-dimensional image, the CT scan uses a row of X-rays in a tube that rotates around the body to take pictures from different angles. The result is a detailed image which, after a computer processes the data, creates a three-dimensional cross section of a patient’s body. <br /><br />For these inventions, Hounsfield and Cormack received a Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1979. Until the end of his life, Godfrey Hounsfield worked on perfecting the CT scanner, directing his interests towards magnetic resonance imaging. <br /><br />He died on Aug 12, 2004 at the age of aged 84 years<br /><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield (1919 – 2004)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDFiSGOF6bz4aoh0XVhLMWAs3V49FzixAJHttSon-nYiJDJOs3ftZmIga4xAqFeGoJmV38lAngT95c0Y3VzsphJxkzROzXOezfdzEeYLzuYv2OH1QCjpVytPU5cueX0XWo_hakktBNEjUqOxwdqIXxBBQuFA_NAO8F5xSWwgvphRwCJhUPQa0t64OL/s799/2023-03-29.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="799" data-original-width="780" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDFiSGOF6bz4aoh0XVhLMWAs3V49FzixAJHttSon-nYiJDJOs3ftZmIga4xAqFeGoJmV38lAngT95c0Y3VzsphJxkzROzXOezfdzEeYLzuYv2OH1QCjpVytPU5cueX0XWo_hakktBNEjUqOxwdqIXxBBQuFA_NAO8F5xSWwgvphRwCJhUPQa0t64OL/w408-h418/2023-03-29.png" width="408" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-56860375567430323632023-02-22T06:39:00.010-08:002023-02-22T06:39:57.050-08:00Joseph Goldberger (1874–1929) - American physician and epidemiologist who discover NiacinJoseph Goldberger was born on July 16, 1874 in Giralt, Hungary, then a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His parents were sheep herders, whose flock was decimated by sickness. <br /><br />When he was 7 years old, his parents took him to the United States. The family settled in New York City, where his father opened a grocery. <br /><br />Goldberger attended the city’s public schools and was graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1892. Goldberger then became a student at the Bellevue Hospital Medical School, graduating second in his class three years later in 1895. <br /><br />Bored and intellectually restless in private practice in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, the young, shy physician joined the United States Marine Hospital Service, (later the U.S. Public Health Service or PHS) in 1899 at the beginning rank of Assistant Surgeon. His early work with arriving immigrants at Ellis Island made him a standout investigator for detecting infectious diseases and he became a well-known epidemiologist <br /><br />Between 1902 and 1907 Goldberger studied typhus and yellow fever in Cuba and in Mexico. Because of his ability in research, he was assigned in 1904 to the Hygienic Laboratory in Washington, D.C. <br /><br />In 1909, he published his research on Shamberg's disease, an ailment characterized by continuous itching and elaborate skin eruptions similar to those of smallpox. <br /><br />In 1914, Joseph Goldberger, a medical officer in the US Public Health Service was appointed by Surgeon General to lead the investigation of pellagra. By 1912, the state of South Carolina alone had reported 30,000 cases of pellagra, with a case fatality rate of 40%. <br /><br />Joseph Goldberger's theory on pellagra contradicted commonly-held medical opinions. The work of Italian investigators as well as Goldberger's own observations in mental hospitals, orphanages, and cotton mill towns, convinced him that germs did not cause the disease. <br /><br />He noticed that those caring for pellagra patients did not contract the disease. To prove that it could not be transmitted, he and a colleague injected themselves with blood from pellagra victims and suffered no ill effects. <br /><br />In 1914 Goldberger designed and implemented two experiments to assess whether improving the diet of institutionalized children and adults would prevent pellagra They were deprived of milk and fresh meat. Within months, six had pellagra. An experiment with rats showed similar results. <br /><br />He concluded that the disease was caused by the absence of some factor that was lacking in corn, but that could be found in meat and milk. He named it the P-P (for pellagra-preventative) factor. <br /><br />In 1937 Conrad Arnold Elvehjem identified two vitamins, nicotinic acid, also known as niacin, and nicotinamide, which were deficient directly in human pellagra. He induced a black tongue in dogs by feeding them the Goldberger diet, and then cured the disease by supplementing their diet with nicotinic acid.<br /><b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Joseph Goldberger (1874–1929) - American physician and epidemiologist who discover Niacin<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhugCdOcpGI0ClzR09WI0F9tLz0zP4qFxbm_6owJUaMjxfhTZO4lQAil3jgYtkRXZ1WS29vMx1gW43RAbDe8z5kZPaDV0ESRPBcepxdblDNzr_FueP_W-uJnPmxqTPUu4_A7Y1X1p1ojfjTrHX-A3dy7ZHLBXd6Owc74jT9ACOAwDLuHAFo6iGVIaXg/s225/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" height="369" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhugCdOcpGI0ClzR09WI0F9tLz0zP4qFxbm_6owJUaMjxfhTZO4lQAil3jgYtkRXZ1WS29vMx1gW43RAbDe8z5kZPaDV0ESRPBcepxdblDNzr_FueP_W-uJnPmxqTPUu4_A7Y1X1p1ojfjTrHX-A3dy7ZHLBXd6Owc74jT9ACOAwDLuHAFo6iGVIaXg/w369-h369/1.jpg" width="369" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-5673862877858188032023-01-12T20:05:00.007-08:002023-01-12T20:05:43.034-08:00Richard Willstätter - German organic chemistRichard Martin Willstätter was a German organic chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. He invented paper chromatography independently of Mikhail Tsvett. <br /><br />Richard Martin Willstätter was born in Karlsruhe in Baden on August 13, 1872, was the son of Maxwell (Max) Willstätter, a textile merchant, and his wife, Sophie Ulmann. He went to school in Nuremberg and studied chemistry at the University of Munich. Willstätter obtained his doctorate from the University of Munich in 1894 for work on the structure of cocaine. <br /><br />While serving as an assistant to Adolf von Baeyer at Munich, he continued research into the structure of alkaloids and synthesized several. Willstätter stayed there for the following fifteen years, first as a student, from 1896 as a lecturer – pursuing his scientific work independently – until in early 1902 he became J. Thiele’s successor as Extraordinary Professor. <br /><br />He was professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute at Berlin (1912–16), where his investigations revealed the structure of many of the pigments of flowers and fruits. <br /><br />In 1915 he won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his studies on pigments in the plant kingdom, especially chlorophyll. <br /><br />During the 1920s, he investigated the mechanisms of enzyme reactions and did much to establish that enzymes are chemical substances and not biological organisms. His view of enzymes as nonprotein in nature was widely held until disproved in 1930. <br /><br />In 1924 Willstätter resigned and became a freelancer in the chemical industry. In 1938 he fled from the Gestapo with the help of his pupil A. Stoll and managed to emigrate to Switzerland, losing all but a meagre part of his belongings. <br /><br />Willstätter was married to Sophie Leser, the daughter of a Heidelberg University professor. They had one son, Ludwig, and one daughter, Ida Margarete. He died of a heart attack in Muralto (Ticino) on 3 August 1942<br /><b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Richard Willstätter - German organic chemist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwptYu9dDP1XxBOEzrV1LKWn8khtEXIe4teLzS_UErXJ-VKprQc7nWC7z_09iZJf2OkQk5t6HGJl2irOipgyrzEFFkMlE2aK1XOH1wC7YqiVd6e0XLvLcCCkq83BcpHmUHdcQY4Cs2VYTbVm3QH1mJ7jNNUktxMdBxCc9BLGzgiRqlqLjxfz0OAnRU/s1610/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1610" data-original-width="1433" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwptYu9dDP1XxBOEzrV1LKWn8khtEXIe4teLzS_UErXJ-VKprQc7nWC7z_09iZJf2OkQk5t6HGJl2irOipgyrzEFFkMlE2aK1XOH1wC7YqiVd6e0XLvLcCCkq83BcpHmUHdcQY4Cs2VYTbVm3QH1mJ7jNNUktxMdBxCc9BLGzgiRqlqLjxfz0OAnRU/w422-h474/1.jpg" width="422" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-60332326636300536242022-12-08T06:49:00.005-08:002022-12-08T06:49:32.122-08:00Glenn Theodore Seaborg - an American nuclear chemistGlen Seaborg was born on 19 April 1912 in the small mining town of Ishpeming, MI, USA. When he was 10, his family moved to a suburb of Los Angeles. Seaborg graduated from high school at the top of his class, then studied for a Chemistry degree at UCLA, where he graduated in 1933, aged 21. <br /><br />He entered the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1929, and earned his Ph.D. at Berkeley in chemistry in 1937. He stayed on at Berkeley as the personal laboratory assistant of Gilbert N. Lewis from 1937 to 1939 with whom he published a number of scientific papers. <br /><br />In 1939, Dr. Seaborg was appointed an instructor in chemistry at Berkeley, where he was promoted to Assistant Professor in 1941, and to Professor of Chemistry in 1945. <br /><br />In 1946, he also took responsibility for direction of nuclear chemical research at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, operated for the Atomic Energy Commission by the University of California; from 1954 to 1961, he was Associate Director of LRL. <br /><br />In 1938, Seaborg and Emilio Segrè discovered technetium-99m, the most-used medical radioisotope ever. It is used it tens of millions of scans every year. <br /><br />Between December 1940 and February 1941, Seaborg, together with Edwin McMillan, Emilio Segrè, Joseph W. Kennedy, and Arthur Wahl, by deuteron bombardment of uranium in the 60-inch (150 cm) cyclotron at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. This experimental achievement proved to be a major contribution in physicists' understanding of atomic fission. <br /><br />Dr. Seaborg was given a leave of absence from the University of California from 1942-1946, during which period he headed the plutonium work of the Manhattan Project at the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory. His team was responsible for devising the chemical process for the separation, concentration and isolation of plutonium. This process was used at the pilot plant, the Clinton Engineer Works, at the Oakridge site and the production Plant at Hanford. <br /><br />Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer of 10 elements. Element 106 is named seaborgium in his honor. He received patents for the element americium and curium. After the war Seaborg returned to Berkeley as an academic while also directing the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, part of the US Atomic Energy Commission. <br /><br />Dr. Seaborg is an Honorary Fellow of the Chemical Society of London and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Chemists, the New York Academy of Sciences, the California Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. <br /><br />Glenn T. Seaborg died on February 25, 1999 in Lafayette, CA, USA.<br /><b><span style="color: #351c75;">Glenn Theodore Seaborg - an American nuclear chemist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9EtisJOq2dGKTn-_7onAM-PAZkqs5UO5HApqXIQEBqCvNkgM27a-vXa-3dQiNDWOD6gI6B-66u5Y-DFpWlYNT4ae4wGx526yfekMYG7ZoSk9iBAHO-JcHmumkY_k_v5-_9l93isXL_CWkvE18YmRWGJ25jOjC33U_iROCKWjfeMMFtk4As-1or5LF/s1024/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="569" height="539" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9EtisJOq2dGKTn-_7onAM-PAZkqs5UO5HApqXIQEBqCvNkgM27a-vXa-3dQiNDWOD6gI6B-66u5Y-DFpWlYNT4ae4wGx526yfekMYG7ZoSk9iBAHO-JcHmumkY_k_v5-_9l93isXL_CWkvE18YmRWGJ25jOjC33U_iROCKWjfeMMFtk4As-1or5LF/w300-h539/1.jpg" width="300" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-68002187287705951272022-11-15T18:01:00.005-08:002022-11-15T18:01:36.060-08:00Hans Adolf KrebsSir Hans Adolf Krebs was born on Aug. 25, 1900, in Hildesheim, an ancient town of some 50 000 in habitants located near Hanover, in North Germany. He was the son of Dr. Georg Krebs, an ear, nose, and throat surgeon, and his wife Alma Davidson. <br /><br />Krebs was educated at the Gymnasium Andreanum at Hildesheim and between the years 1918 and 1923 he studied medicine at the Universities of Göttingen, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, and Berlin. <br /><br />After one year at the Third Medical Clinic of the University of Berlin he took, in 1925, his M.D. degree at the University of Hamburg. Following his medical education, Dr. Krebs spent an additional year studying chemistry in Berlin. In 1926, he was appointed assistant to Professor Otto Warburg at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology. <br /><br />In June 1933, the National Socialist Government terminated his appointment. By that time, in collaboration with his research student Kurt Henseleit, he had published the details of the first cyclic metabolic pathway to be discovered, the urea cycle. <br /><br />Later he went, at the invitation of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, to the School of Biochemistry, Cambridge, where he held a Rockefeller Studentship until 1934, when he was appointed Demonstrator of Biochemistry in the University of Cambridge. <br /><br />The following year Dr. Krebs was appointed as lecturer in pharmacology at the University of Sheffield where he quickly moved up the ranks and became lecturer-in-charge of the Department of Biochemistry in 1938. It was there, in collaboration with William Johnson, that he resolved the sequence of reactions that they called the citric acid cycle. <br /><br />Krebs served on the faculty of the University of Oxford from 1954 to 1967. He wrote (with the British biochemist Hans Kornberg) Energy Transformations in Living Matter (1957), which discusses the complex chemical processes which provide living organisms with high-energy phosphate by way of what is known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle. He also coauthored (with Anne Martin) Reminiscences and Reflections in 1981. <br /><br />In 1953 he received Nobel Prize (with Fritz Lipmann) the for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery in living organisms of the series of chemical reactions known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (or the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle). Hans Krebs died on November 22, 1981.<br /><b><span style="color: #351c75;">Hans Adolf Krebs<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_j82__LAg4KbOjH2cDUjC-BWpwKq_JyAAyLHULhZT39cjOOY-kn4ZyYlwXOhmNLTjb6FGaHyqQrYEZK7HpHtpspr8CjUVMHN7eM7rmW8zhaDZ5vsiIHehg-JukVdgEleMe2umRSkokQnkuf57pdn64aQXk0bwCqy802SLRB6T3d35Ixduv_r2Tw84/s757/2022-11-16%20(3).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="710" height="485" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_j82__LAg4KbOjH2cDUjC-BWpwKq_JyAAyLHULhZT39cjOOY-kn4ZyYlwXOhmNLTjb6FGaHyqQrYEZK7HpHtpspr8CjUVMHN7eM7rmW8zhaDZ5vsiIHehg-JukVdgEleMe2umRSkokQnkuf57pdn64aQXk0bwCqy802SLRB6T3d35Ixduv_r2Tw84/w455-h485/2022-11-16%20(3).png" width="455" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-67673937032398855002022-10-23T18:20:00.007-07:002022-10-23T18:20:52.355-07:00Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) - Danish astronomerBorn on December 14, 1546, Tycho [Tyge] Brahe was probably the greatest pre-telescopic astronomer. He was born in his parents’ large manor house at Knutstorp, in the Danish region of Scarnia, which is now in Sweden. Tycho Brahe was given the name Tyge by his parents Beate Bille and Otte Brahe. He is now known as "Tycho" since that is the Latinized version of his name that he adopted when he was about fifteen years old. <br /><br />Otte Brahe, his father, was from the Danish nobility Beate Bille, Tycho's mother, also came from an important family which had produced leading churchmen and politicians. Tycho Brahe was brought up by his paternal uncle Jorgen Brahe and became his heir. <br /><br />He was sent by his family to study in Copenhagen, then to Leipzig to study law, but also studied a variety of other subjects and became interested in astronomy. In 1565 and 1566 Tycho studied mathematics at the universities in Wittenburg and Rostock. <br /><br />He began making observations and by August 1563, while still at the University of Leipzig, he began to keep a record of these observations. The second observation he recorded was a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn which proved significant for Tycho's subsequent career. <br /><br />In spring 1569, he arrived in Augsburg, where he spent 14 months learning how to make high-precision astronomical instruments. His ambition was to build instruments allowing him to make observations true to within one arc minute (one-sixtieth of a degree). <br /><br />Tycho's reputation as an accomplished astronomer rose quickly, primarily through his <br /><br />observations of and writings on the 1572 novae in Cassiopea, and of the 1577 comet. <br /><br />On November 11, 1572 Tycho observed the new star in Cassiopeia. Observing the night sky from an uncle’s home, Tycho was amazed to see a new light brighter than Venus in the sky. In 1573, Tycho’s name became well-known in astronomical circles when he published De nova stella – The New Star. <br /><br />In 1598 was appointed Imperial Mathematician to the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. Tycho Brahe's contributions to astronomy were enormous. He not only designed and built instruments, he also calibrated them and checked their accuracy periodically. He thus revolutionized astronomical instrumentation. <br /><br />His astronomical research program never really resumed, however. He died in Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) on October 24, 1601, leaving his most recent assistant Johannes Kepler as his scientific heir.<br /><b><span style="color: #351c75;">Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) - Danish astronomer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpuhJFNFLWsf3HMyeaYl8s_v59xF1qalV-1iSCDVMi_agl3vziKN24VC88fjAT5NatxFLQollGE7UXRl-_FFrshuACaNrvtacpm_gLVcM--0iUOKiGmTBd8d7gTx7JQj9gZ-N4WLS-gQkTbyNbHR_lI1huSRnPqOLkUIMw7KYIVKwNSl0nYC1Uot_Q/s355/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="355" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpuhJFNFLWsf3HMyeaYl8s_v59xF1qalV-1iSCDVMi_agl3vziKN24VC88fjAT5NatxFLQollGE7UXRl-_FFrshuACaNrvtacpm_gLVcM--0iUOKiGmTBd8d7gTx7JQj9gZ-N4WLS-gQkTbyNbHR_lI1huSRnPqOLkUIMw7KYIVKwNSl0nYC1Uot_Q/w446-h361/1.jpg" width="446" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-54483563735021981482022-09-22T01:33:00.001-07:002022-09-22T01:33:00.148-07:00Charles Babbage: Father of modern digital computersThe earliest device that qualifies as a digital computer is the “abacus” also known as “soroban”. Abacus is the simplest form of a digital computer.<br />
<br />
The device permits the users to represent numbers by the position of beads on a rack. The first mechanical adding machine was invented by French Mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. The machine became very popular and was produced on mass scale.<br />
<br />
Charles Babbage, nineteenth century Professor at Cambridge University, is considered to be the father of modern digital computers. He was born on 26 December 1791 in his father’s house in Walworth, Surrey. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW5mGoID9VJRcShDqqLBYEDwj6NaHbJ1aXwt8bV5Tm_-mAzLTEwg725MoyyT66wUdEPo7F2P6lXStdnI7PDQ5UDAuuO7YfqFgra1_WZ2N4BpbiZNeH9OqezC2emmTzGiKRKvWSQgFYTQ5iLUWKjA9Tx-QmFJPXFgv586c72FZamQmV52nGjiPVPIpC/s720/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="641" height="387" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW5mGoID9VJRcShDqqLBYEDwj6NaHbJ1aXwt8bV5Tm_-mAzLTEwg725MoyyT66wUdEPo7F2P6lXStdnI7PDQ5UDAuuO7YfqFgra1_WZ2N4BpbiZNeH9OqezC2emmTzGiKRKvWSQgFYTQ5iLUWKjA9Tx-QmFJPXFgv586c72FZamQmV52nGjiPVPIpC/w345-h387/1.jpg" width="345" /></a></div>
During his period, mathematical and statistical tables were prepared by a group of clerks. Even the utmost care and precaution could not eliminate human errors.<br />
<br />
Babbage had to spend several hours checking these tables. Soon he became dissatisfied and exasperated with this type of monotonous job.<br />
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The result was that he started thinking to build a machine which could compute tables guaranteed to be effort-free.<br />
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In this process, Babbage designed a “Difference Engine” in the year 1822 which could produce reliable tables.<br />
<br />
In 1842, Babbage came out with his new idea of Analytical Engine that was intended to be completely automatic. It is for his effort that he is today know as the ‘Father of Modern Digital Computer’.<br />
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It was to be capable of performing the basic arithmetic functions for any mathematical problem and it was to do so at an average speed of 60 additions per minute. His Engine could evaluate algebraic expression correctly and was also able to produce mathematical and statistical tables correct up to 20 digits.<br />
<br />
The Engine had five components:<br />
*A storage unit that held the numbers<br />
*An arithmetic unit called Mill, to perform the arithmetic calculations<br />
*A control unit that controlled the activities of the computer<br />
*An input device that gave the numbers and instructions to the computer<br />
*An output device that displayed the result<br />
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Unfortunately, he was unable to produce a working model of this machine mainly because the precision engineering required to manufacturer the machine was not available during that period.<br />
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However, his effort established a number of principles which have been shown to be fundamental to the design of any computer.<br />
<br />
Dr. Howard Aiken of Harvard University in association with IBM developed a large scale electro-mechanical computer in 1944. The computer nicknamed ‘Mark I’ was based on the concept of Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine.<br /><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Charles Babbage: Father of modern digital computers</span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-44310865364896345632022-09-13T09:25:00.002-07:002022-09-13T09:25:18.377-07:00Eilhard Mitscherlich - German ScientistEilhard Mitscherlich (7 January 1794 – 28 August 1863) was born at Neuende (now a part of Wilhelmshaven) in the Lordship of Jever, where his father was pastor. Eilhard Mitscherlich is perhaps best remembered today for his discovery of the phenomenon of crystallographic isomorphism in 1819. <br /><br />Mitscherlich was educated at Jever in the school directed by the historian F. C. Schlosser, who encouraged him to apply himself to the liberal arts. <br /><br />In 1811 Mitscherlich entered the University of Heidelberg, where he studied Oriental languages; he continued this pursuit at the University of Paris, which he entered in 1813. He then turned to the study of medicine at Göttingen in 1817, where he became interested in crystallography. <br /><br />From 1818 to 1820 Mitscherlich worked in the Berlin laboratory of the German botanist Heinrich F. Link, where he first undertook the study of arsenates and phosphates. While working on arsenates and phosphates, he realized that substances of a similar composition often have the same crystalline form, and from this he formulated, in 1819, his law of isomorphism. This relationship was used by Berzelius in early attempts to assign relative masses to the elements which led to a successful creation of the periodic table by Mendeleev and Meyer half a century later. <br /><br />Mitscherlich also discovered selenic acid (1827), named benzene, and showed, in 1834, that if benzene reacts with nitric acid it forms nitrobenzene.<br /><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Eilhard Mitscherlich - German Scientist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxEYCh08k8I_rrjZTKFK5FANvU-LUfCwyxcXprjATZfhlGxjZLcAyAys-5vaJ80bo6CCAwfDt6fJqscEz95ct--tqVa0VeMB_TV13YZMa8RAWxz9uvISTy_XEQiJwVJy9CtHGhZ2W4Ba9wzz48a58MEJh55KyazazyLSqEKRggJrtyzez97Gl5q-ZZ/s1116/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1116" data-original-width="971" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxEYCh08k8I_rrjZTKFK5FANvU-LUfCwyxcXprjATZfhlGxjZLcAyAys-5vaJ80bo6CCAwfDt6fJqscEz95ct--tqVa0VeMB_TV13YZMa8RAWxz9uvISTy_XEQiJwVJy9CtHGhZ2W4Ba9wzz48a58MEJh55KyazazyLSqEKRggJrtyzez97Gl5q-ZZ/w405-h466/1.jpg" width="405" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-24185310243393124932022-08-13T06:24:00.004-07:002022-08-13T06:24:48.178-07:00Dr Raymond Damadian - an American physician and inventor of the first MR scanning machineDamadian (March 16, 1936 – August 3, 2022) was born in New York City. After graduating with a degree in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1956, Raymond Vahan Damadian went to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, where he received his medical degree. <br /><br />Damadian's research interests led him to experiment with N.M.R. technology, exposing atomic nuclei to a magnetic field in order to cause the emission of radio waves at consistent frequencies. In 1971 Damadian invented the MRI as a professor at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center. He was using NMR technologies to study halophiles, a form of bacteria and potassium ions in cells. In that year the journal Science publishes milestone research paper of Damadian’s findings on “Tumor Detection by Nuclear Resonance Imaging”. <br /><br />Raymond Damadian made an important contribution to the fields of science and medicine when he built the first nuclear magnetic resonance (N.M.R.) body scanner. <br /><br />On July 3, 1977, the first MRI body scan was conducted on a human. It took five hours to produce one image of the patient. After the scan, Damadian and his partner, Dr. Michael Goldsmith, named the machine “Indomitable,” a reference to their struggle to develop the technology. <br /><br />Damadian decided to take his invention and start his own business - FONAR. The company, which was incorporated in 1978, sold its first commercial MRI scanner in 1980. Damadian’s MRI was granted FDA approval for the device in 1984.<br /><b><span style="color: #674ea7;">Dr Raymond Damadian - an American physician and inventor of the first MR scanning machine<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaQdZad0EYfRYl6DfpgZRid2R-DNKui7SnUnclOCJfj3de7AsDuos-Nc0NUU6ugnhX8N7mwwZmvZJIgiQhbOiydb0X0tjCuEzK0pUYu3iG-tNNDMzPwhW4tQDhBApP61MQ-e5Fl2XcC_a1DM1SSIXyG5SMg7aFA6Ypb2BecC7xgSA1QEJGGdpVjKpT/s767/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="691" data-original-width="767" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaQdZad0EYfRYl6DfpgZRid2R-DNKui7SnUnclOCJfj3de7AsDuos-Nc0NUU6ugnhX8N7mwwZmvZJIgiQhbOiydb0X0tjCuEzK0pUYu3iG-tNNDMzPwhW4tQDhBApP61MQ-e5Fl2XcC_a1DM1SSIXyG5SMg7aFA6Ypb2BecC7xgSA1QEJGGdpVjKpT/w412-h371/1.jpg" width="412" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-57530545010341971302022-07-19T22:16:00.005-07:002022-07-19T22:16:14.991-07:00Paul Christian Lauterbur - Pioneer in the development of magnetic resonance imagingLauterbur was born on May 6, 1929, in Sidney, Ohio, to Edward and Gertrude Lauterbur. Lauterbur’s father was an engineer and co-owner of a company that manufactured bread-making machinery. <br /><br />At Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, Paul enrolled in the industrial chemistry program where he learned all forms of science and engineering. Lauterbur received a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh in 1962. He served as a professor at the University of New York at Stony Brook from 1969 to 1985. <br /><br />He was drafted in 1953, spending most of his service at the Army Chemical Center, where he established a new nuclear MR (NMR) laboratory. <br /><br />In 1971 during working at Stony Brook University, he created the first multi-dimensional image using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), he sparked a new age of medical technology and clinical care. NMR is a key tool in chemical analysis, using the absorption measurements to provide information about the molecular structure of various solids and liquids. <br /><br />His discovery made it possible to get a clear look inside the human body without surgery or x-rays. The non-invasive technique was later improved for practical application by Peter Mansfield, an English physicist. <br /><br />Lauterbur left Stony Brook in 1985 for the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, where he served until his death as a Professor in the College of Medicine and the Department of Chemistry. <br /><br />Lauterbur and Mansfield shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 for their work with MRI, now widely used. <br /><br />Lauterbur died aged 77 in March 2007 of kidney disease at his home in Urbana, Illinois.<br /><b><span style="color: #351c75;">Paul Christian Lauterbur - Pioneer in the development of magnetic resonance imaging<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7s_f0FKqueJqNpianBE17gqLa6y9krtVDGbJcMQioDs9UFPwvpTT5SdZnwCWq3VTzOvFvv-IWzGtGEXkA1oQHp94d88Mt1PCexDRT3RfSGQ5RDiLJqySCqpl0Og3gzWW1sfjg7lABjJhvI70eUkgLmVWIbRbAPJdKxoXxlu-Zgs4vdcAYIscEJAdy/s749/2022-07-20.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="732" height="433" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7s_f0FKqueJqNpianBE17gqLa6y9krtVDGbJcMQioDs9UFPwvpTT5SdZnwCWq3VTzOvFvv-IWzGtGEXkA1oQHp94d88Mt1PCexDRT3RfSGQ5RDiLJqySCqpl0Og3gzWW1sfjg7lABjJhvI70eUkgLmVWIbRbAPJdKxoXxlu-Zgs4vdcAYIscEJAdy/w424-h433/2022-07-20.png" width="424" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-60326683764339906042022-06-29T08:43:00.006-07:002022-06-29T08:43:29.592-07:00Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer (17 May 1836 – 16 August 1920) – British astronomer Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer born in Rugby, England, was one of the pioneers of astronomical spectroscopy and became one of the most influential astronomers of his time. His father, Joseph Hooley Lockyer, was a surgeon-apothecary with broad scientific interests, and his mother, Anne Norman, was a daughter of Edward Norman, the squire of Cosford, Warwickshire. <br /><br />His earliest employment was as a civil servant in the English War Office, which he entered in 1857. He pursued his interest in astronomy on an amateur basis. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on March 14, 1862, and his rising reputation as a solar physicist led him to be appointed in 1885 Director of the Solar Physics Observatory in South Kensington. <br /><br />In the 1860s he became fascinated by electromagnetic spectroscopy as an analytical tool for determining the gas composition of heavenly bodies. <br /><br />On October 20, 1868, Lockyer succeeded in observing the solar prominences in broad daylight. Lockyer identified a yellow strip in the spectrum of the sun that conventional scientific opinion of the time held as a known element under extraordinary circumstances. This suggested to him the existence in the sun of an unknown element, which he named helium after Hēlios, the Greek name for the Sun and the Sun god. <br /><br />His paper detailing those observations arrived at the French Academy of Sciences on the same day as French astronomer Pierre Janssen’s paper. The French government commemorated the event by striking a medal bearing the portraits of the two astronomers for the discovery of helium. <br /><br />To facilitate the transmission of ideas between scientific disciplines, Lockyer established the general science journal Nature in 1869. He remained its editor until shortly before his death. He died in Salcombe Regis, Devonshire.<br /><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer (17 May 1836 – 16 August 1920) – British astronomer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijcN9qm14C7ppCFEPTezQiGjgPFUNZXA46UImj27iGKS1d12Aj1RLoY89Dr-M6Cv2cQ7TVqJ5NRUwTv8CcejsyJnW0uzceEHCAQu1usJPGv00b60tFKRBWZm7D944VNdQDQr96iZ0VWE5xxIRwVHvdaOmpWfLa32x1aZp-cLAihzZZfTKLlghYuheP/s400/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="400" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijcN9qm14C7ppCFEPTezQiGjgPFUNZXA46UImj27iGKS1d12Aj1RLoY89Dr-M6Cv2cQ7TVqJ5NRUwTv8CcejsyJnW0uzceEHCAQu1usJPGv00b60tFKRBWZm7D944VNdQDQr96iZ0VWE5xxIRwVHvdaOmpWfLa32x1aZp-cLAihzZZfTKLlghYuheP/w418-h280/1.jpg" width="418" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-64657031928305979452022-05-23T06:44:00.006-07:002022-05-23T06:44:58.735-07:00Robert Heinrich Hermann KochRobert Heinrich Hermann Koch, German physician and one of the founders of bacteriology discovered the anthrax disease cycle (1876) and the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883). Robert Koch was born on December 11, 1843, at Clausthal in the Upper Harz Mountains. He taught himself to read newspapers when he was only 5. <br /><br />He loved to read classical literature and was a chess expert. He gained an interest in science while in high school, and decided to study biology. In 1862 Koch went to the University of Göttingen to study medicine. Here the Professor of Anatomy was Jacob Henle and Koch was, no doubt, influenced by Henle’s view, published in 1840, that infectious diseases were caused by living, parasitic organisms. Koch acquired his medical degree in 1866. <br /><br />After working as a physician in many small towns throughout Germany, he volunteered as a military surgeon during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-72). <br /><br />After serving briefly as a field surgeon during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, he became district surgeon in Wollstein, where he built a small laboratory. It was here that he started his work on anthrax. Having published the results in 1876 Koch decided to investigate septicæmia and followed that by studying tuberculosis. <br /><br />In 1880 he was appointed a member of the Imperial Health Bureau in Berlin, that he was provided, first with a narrow, inadequate room, and later with a better laboratory. He made his first major contribution, which was developing a technique of growing bacteria. He also isolated and grew selected pathogens in a laboratory culture. <br /><br />Some two years after his arrival in Berlin Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus and also a method of growing it in pure culture. He demonstrated the bacillus at the International Medical Congress in London in 1881 and published his work at a meeting in Berlin the following year. <br /><br />He was still busy with work on tuberculosis when he was sent, in 1883, to Egypt as Leader of the German Cholera Commission, to investigate an outbreak of cholera in that country. In 1885 Koch was appointed Professor of Hygiene at the University of Berlin and Director of the new Institute of Hygiene <br /><br />He received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his research on tuberculosis. Koch died on 27 May in 1910 in Black Forest region of Germany. He was 66 years old.<br /><b><span style="color: #351c75;">Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnyXDKOP_cOvJzArB5RYOdBwKFs8eqPV1t28w_5dSSbHtPsknqM3ATpI8gmuFrrf8Eq1bI1F0Ibiieaj6wpvjMPzx0IcXQydUYcfaUBLYg0LLM-LS6y9bVde2hN9tZp-tre3hd8Mhk8YK7tZXK_ocgRxXEMPt-3RS8d1s1oW0l9FGkP2hdbn9LzfbM/s744/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="600" height="441" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnyXDKOP_cOvJzArB5RYOdBwKFs8eqPV1t28w_5dSSbHtPsknqM3ATpI8gmuFrrf8Eq1bI1F0Ibiieaj6wpvjMPzx0IcXQydUYcfaUBLYg0LLM-LS6y9bVde2hN9tZp-tre3hd8Mhk8YK7tZXK_ocgRxXEMPt-3RS8d1s1oW0l9FGkP2hdbn9LzfbM/w356-h441/1.jpg" width="356" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-90950298878657585402022-04-18T17:06:00.006-07:002022-04-18T17:06:37.592-07:00Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644)Jan Baptista van Helmont was a Flemish physician, philosopher, mystic, and chemist who recognized the existence of discrete gases and identified carbon dioxide. He is remembered today largely for his ideas on spontaneous generation and his introduction of the word “gas” (from the Greek word chaos) into the vocabulary of scientists. <br /><br />He partially discovered the process of photosynthesis in 1660’s. He grew a willow tree in a weighed amount of soil. He kept the so He thought that the extra plant material had come from the water alone. <br /><br />After five years, he discovered that the willow tree weighed about 74 kg more than it did at the start. To Van Helmont’s surprise, the tree was much heavier, but the soil still weighed about as much as it had five years earlier. Van Helmont concluded that the tree’s matter did not come from soil; it must have gained its matter from the water he had added to it over the years. <br /><br />Van Helmont was born Jan. 12, 1579 into a wealthy family of the landed gentry. His father, Christiaen van Helmont, was a public prosecutor. His inheritance (his father died in 1580) and the income from his wife’s fiefs made him financially independent throughout his life. <br /><br />At the age of 17, he had already achieved his degree in philosophy at Leuven University. Even so, Van Helmont's particular interest was science. He found no satisfaction in them and in the end, he focused his works on medicine. He obtained his medical degree in 1609 after ten years of travels and studies. <br /><br />Van Helmont abandoned his medical career and for 10 years traveled through Europe, especially England, France, Italy, and Switzerland. In 1605 he returned first to Amsterdam and practiced medicine during a plague epidemic. <br /><br />He married a wealthy noblewoman, Margaret van Ranst, in 1609 and settled on an estate in Vilvorde near Brussels to devote himself to chemical philosophy. <br /><br />He is considered as the “founder of pneumatic chemistry” and today he is remembered by modern generations in the field of medicine for his thoughts on spontaneous generation, how he introduced the word “gas” to the scientific vocabulary, and his famous 5-year tree experiment.<br /><b><span style="color: #800180;">Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjVVCjUo32KyqOdDH3APmHyg264-UbdXYjiyOI5g4IFOdkXvXodqQ87A-ozZFdW6VvqfEgkBFyzGafEB7LdNiW8mSzuaUD1YR_cQbNoOh0Nbbs49l2o9-qw-URwvOWvv22CURs2v-Qli7WFhhocu68jhSRlo8tS29VdNjN0edyN1NvQ2fy0D3HrM-z/s319/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="319" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjVVCjUo32KyqOdDH3APmHyg264-UbdXYjiyOI5g4IFOdkXvXodqQ87A-ozZFdW6VvqfEgkBFyzGafEB7LdNiW8mSzuaUD1YR_cQbNoOh0Nbbs49l2o9-qw-URwvOWvv22CURs2v-Qli7WFhhocu68jhSRlo8tS29VdNjN0edyN1NvQ2fy0D3HrM-z/w427-h348/1.jpg" width="427" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1082866514789985777.post-91779642694915133002022-03-18T08:22:00.000-07:002022-03-18T08:22:00.161-07:00Alexander Borodin – Russian doctor and chemistAlexander Porfiryevich Borodin (12 November 1833 – 27 February 1887) was born in Saint Petersburg, the illegitimate son of a Georgian noble, Luka Simonis dze Gedevanishvili, who had him registered instead as the son of one of his serfs, Porfiry Borodin. <br /><br />Since a rather young age, Alexander Borodin was intelligent, with an innate gift for music. Young Borodin grew up becoming fluent in German, French and English, besides his native Russian. He later learned Italian and was able to write a technical essay in that language. <br /><br />Borodin studied medicine at the Medico-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg from 1850 to 1855 and defended his doctoral thesis on the similarity between arsenic and phosphoric acid in 1858. <br /><br />During the first 2 years at the Academy, Borodin developed a deep interest in chemistry while attending the brilliant lectures given by Professor Nikolai N. Zinin. <br /><br />Between 1859 and 1862 Borodin held a post-doctorate in Heidelberg. He worked on benzene derivatives in the laboratory of Emil Erlenmeyer. He also spent time in Pisa, working on organic halogens. One experiment published in 1862 described the first nucleophilic displacement of chlorine by fluorine in benzoyl chloride. <br /><br />In 1864 he was appointed professor of chemistry at the Medico-Surgical Academy. In 1861, Borodin attended the first international congress of chemistry in Karlsruhe, and he was among the founders of the Russian Chemical Society in 1868. <br /><br />He published 42 articles and was a friend of Dmitri Mendeleev, the scientist who described the periodic system. He is co-credited with discovering the Aldol Reaction which is, apparently, a way of forming carbon-to-carbon bonds. <br /><br />Borodin played an active role in the administration of the Medico-Surgical Academy and, together <br /><br />with Botkin. Sechenov, and other professors of the Academy, in 1872, Borodin started the first medical courses for women in Russia. <br /><br />Borodin is also best known for his symphonies, his opera Prince Igor, and for later providing the musical inspiration for the musical Kismet. Borodin started the work on his first symphony in 1862, under the tutelage of Mily Balakirev and completed the work by 1869, when it was premiered under the baton of Mily Balakirev.<br /><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Alexander Borodin – Russian doctor and chemist<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJwtuMsAualNtrWOCg8YMBZBwAQWdFBGWowbAtRvBbgUakws7e-6NMDaXIAlC-NRzcbAtP8W5Xzs-PkEc_nW4Ho3Ibg-iT3NEZv8MxM6FW2bMOw7_6ppHmjxaqDaWKbrnPcpLYqBGPEfBcRkymg7Dgolirnp6bVyn30UtHUvwunQRDM76is-PAk__b=s317" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="306" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJwtuMsAualNtrWOCg8YMBZBwAQWdFBGWowbAtRvBbgUakws7e-6NMDaXIAlC-NRzcbAtP8W5Xzs-PkEc_nW4Ho3Ibg-iT3NEZv8MxM6FW2bMOw7_6ppHmjxaqDaWKbrnPcpLYqBGPEfBcRkymg7Dgolirnp6bVyn30UtHUvwunQRDM76is-PAk__b=w378-h392" width="378" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com